A nonnegative scalar σ associated with a linear map that quantifies how much the map stretches or compresses vectors in specific orthogonal directions; for a real matrix A, σ is a square root of a nonnegative eigenvalue of A^T A.
A nonnegative scalar equal to the square root of an eigenvalue of A*A^* (or A^*A) for a matrix A, representing the magnitude by which A stretches or compresses unit vectors along orthogonal directions.