ZIP Load Model

A steady‑state aggregated load representation that expresses active and reactive power as scaled sums of three voltage‑dependent components—constant‑impedance (Z), constant‑current (I) and constant‑power (P)—explicitly normalized to a reference voltage V0 and a base power P0 so that P(V) = P0 [ aZ (V/V0)^2 + aI (V/V0) + aP ] and Q(V) = Q0 [ bZ (V/V0)^2 + bI (V/V0) + bP ], where P0 and Q0 are the n