A markets and valuation concept defining how assets are priced and assessed using cash flows, risk measures, or relative benchmarks. It governs estimation of value, required return, and sensitivity to rate or spread changes across asset classes. It does not guarantee accuracy and depends on input quality, market liquidity, and the suitability of benchmarks and assumptions. It supports investment decisions and reporting by providing structured methods to quantify value and risk exposure. The concept is generally stable, though market structure and valuation conventions evolve over time.